The thyroid gland, also known as the thyroid or thyroid gland, is part of the endocrine system and is located at the front of the neck. It is not palpable when it is of normal size.

It resembles the shape of a butterfly and consists of two lobes connected by a bridge (isthmus).

Read on to learn more about this gland, the symptoms of thyroid disease, prevention, and treatment options.

The Thyroid Gland

This endocrine gland secretes several hormones:

• T3 (Triiodothyronine)

• T4 (Thyroxine)

• Calcitonin

Each of these hormones has a specific role in the body, affecting processes such as proper heart function, pregnancy maintenance, glucose regulation, growth, development, and calcium metabolism.

Even during fetal development and childhood, thyroid hormones are crucial for the proper development of the central nervous system, with thyroxine (T4) playing the main role.

Symptoms of Thyroid Disorders

An imbalance in thyroid function occurs due to excessive or reduced hormone secretion. The most common disorders are:

• Hypothyroidism – when the thyroid gland’s activity slows down due to reduced hormone secretion.

• Hyperthyroidism – when the thyroid gland’s activity speeds up due to increased hormone secretion.

Thyroid problems and symptoms differ depending on whether the issue is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Problems

Thyroid problems can arise due to various factors within the body, often related to external factors, lifestyle, age, gender, and genetics.

Common causes of thyroid problems include:

• Inadequate iodine intake

• Hashimoto’s disease

• The effect of certain medications or autoimmune diseases that reduce thyroid function

• Enlargement of the thyroid gland, often linked to gender or post-radiation therapy in the neck area.

Hypothyroidism Symptoms

When thyroid hormone secretion is reduced or slowed down, some symptoms that may appear include:

• Frequent mood changes

• Slowed heart rate

• Irregular menstrual cycles

• Increased fatigue, weakness, and muscle soreness

• Heightened sensitivity to cold

• Problems with concentration and memory

In cases of hypothyroidism, TSH levels are elevated while T3 and T4 hormones are decreased.

Enlarged Thyroid Symptoms

When thyroid hormone secretion is increased, metabolism speeds up and symptoms such as the following occur:

• Enlarged thyroid gland (swelling at the base of the neck)

• Rapid weight loss, even with normal or increased food intake

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat

• Increased appetite

• Excessive sweating

• Difficulty sleeping

• Nervousness, irritability, and anxiety

• Sensitivity to heat

• Tremors in fingers and hands

In older individuals, symptoms such as fatigue, heat intolerance, or rapid heartbeat may be absent or appear in a milder form.

Thyroid Issues in Women

Enlarged thyroid glands are more common in women. Symptoms of excessive hormone secretion can include rapid heartbeat, excessive irritability, weakness, and weight loss.

Hyperthyroidism in women may cause menstrual irregularities, difficulty conceiving, or problems maintaining pregnancy.

Thyroid and Menstruation

Women with an enlarged thyroid may experience light menstrual bleeding, or in some cases, complete absence of the menstrual cycle.

This condition requires treatment, as it can lead to complications during pregnancy, affect the fetus, or result in long-term thyroid problems for the mother.

The treatment typically involves hormone therapies that help restore thyroid function, which in turn improves or normalizes menstrual irregularities.

Melatonin and the Thyroid

Melatonin is a hormone produced by a small gland in the brain called the pineal gland.

Its main role is to regulate sleep-wake cycles. In addition to this, melatonin influences the secretion of thyroid hormones, cortisol, prolactin, and luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in both men and women.

Due to its effects, doctors advise avoiding melatonin supplements for adolescents and pregnant women.

Thyroid and Urticaria (Hives)

Chronic urticaria is a skin reaction characterized by red or white welts that itch and appear intermittently, lasting more than six weeks. In chronic cases, these welts may disappear for months or even years.

Though hives are not life-threatening, they are highly uncomfortable and can disrupt daily activities. The cause is not always clear, but it is often linked to conditions like lupus or thyroid disorders.

Treatment for urticaria is simple, and most doctors recommend antihistamines and medications to reduce the itching sensation on the skin.

Thyroid and Nervousness

Is anxiety caused by thyroid issues? Scientists have yet to pinpoint an exact answer, but it is believed that there is a strong link between thyroid disorders and stress levels. This connection is due to thyroid hormones' relationship with the body's stress system and stress hormones.

Thyroid imbalances often share symptoms with certain mental health conditions, particularly anxiety or depression.

Because of the overlapping symptoms, thyroid disorders are often misdiagnosed as mental health issues.

Thyroid and Abdominal Bloating

In cases of hypothyroidism, there is a slowdown of the entire body, which can lead to sudden weight gain, reduced appetite, constipation, and weakness.

Diet plays a crucial role in proper thyroid function. It is recommended to consume foods rich in iodine, minerals, and vitamins.

Some foods that help with bloating should be avoided to prevent worsening the condition, such as:

• Peanuts

• Cauliflower

• Soy

• Spinach

Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and iodine are essential for thyroid health.

Factors Affecting Thyroid Health

Several factors can lead to an imbalance in thyroid function and hormone secretion:

• Gender: Hyperthyroidism is more common in women.

• Age: Thyroid issues are more common in older individuals.

• Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like type 1 diabetes or celiac disease.

• Genetics: A family history of thyroid disorders increases the risk.

• Radiation therapy: Treatment to the neck or upper chest area.

There are various treatments available for both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Common treatments for hyperthyroidism include medications and radioactive iodine, which work to slow down hormone production. In some cases, surgical intervention is necessary for partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland.

It is important to diagnose thyroid disorders early, as most people respond well to treatment.

If you are experiencing thyroid-related issues, consult with a doctor about beginning therapy and appropriate treatment.

Additionally, you can take preventive action by using dietary supplements like Chromium+Selenium MAX or Thyroid Formula to support thyroid health, which is vital for the overall proper function of the body.